Whether you’re designing a small office entry system or a multi-campus security platform, understanding access control is essential for success in the security industry. This basic guide to access control breaks down the core components, technologies, and best practices security dealers need to know to design reliable systems, win bids, and deliver long-term value to their clients.
What is Access Control?
Access control refers to the practice of electronically controlling who can enter a physical location and when. It replaces or supplements traditional keys and locks with credentials (cards, mobile apps, biometrics), readers, controllers, software, and electrified door hardware.
Access control systems ensure that only authorized individuals can enter secure areas, reduce the need for mechanical keys, log activity for audits, and often integrate with surveillance, alarm, and building automation platforms.
Key Components of Access Control Systems
Understanding each core part of an access control system is crucial to designing and implementing solutions that are secure, scalable, and compliant with building codes.
1. Credentials
These are the ‘keys’ of modern access systems. Credentials can include:
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RFID cards or fobs (125 kHz or 13.56 MHz)
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Mobile credentials using BLE or NFC
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Biometric data (fingerprints, facial recognition)
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PIN codes on keypads
Modern systems increasingly favor 13.56 MHz smart cards or mobile apps for enhanced security, encryption, and flexibility.
2. Readers
Credentials are presented to readers, which validate identity and send the data to controllers. Readers can be:
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Proximity readers
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Smart card readers
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Biometric readers
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Mobile-compatible readers
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Keypads (standalone or combined)
Advanced readers support multi-factor authentication — e.g., card + PIN or mobile + fingerprint — enhancing security at sensitive locations.
3. Door Controllers
These are the “brains” of the system. They receive input from readers, evaluate it against access rules, and trigger door locks. Controllers can be:
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IP-based (edge devices)
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Centralized panels with multiple inputs/outputs
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Mercury- or HID-based open-platform devices
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OSDP-compatible (for secure, encrypted reader-to-controller communication)
Modern controllers support PoE power, failover networks, and cloud-ready management.
4. Locks and Hardware
The controller activates electrified locks, including:
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Electric strikes
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Magnetic locks (maglocks)
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Electrified latch retraction exit devices
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Motorized locks or deadbolts
Hardware selection must balance life safety, security, and code compliance, especially for egress and fire-rated openings.
5. Management Software
Access control software configures rules, schedules, users, and credentials. Software types range from:
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Browser-based management (on-prem or cloud)
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Integrated VMS platforms
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Enterprise systems with APIs and directory sync
Look for platforms that offer live monitoring, remote door control, badge printing, integration with video, and reporting features.
Common Use Cases and Applications
Access control systems are everywhere — from small businesses to stadiums. Here are key application types for security dealers:
1. Office Buildings
Restrict access by employee role and time of day. Integrate with surveillance, time clocks, and visitor management.
2. Schools & Campuses
Ensure lockdown capabilities, class-time schedules, and district-wide credentialing. Mustering and attendance features are increasingly required.
3. Multi-Tenant Residential
Use cloud-managed access for gates, mail rooms, garages, and lobbies. Mobile credentials offer enhanced convenience for property managers.
4. Healthcare
Require strict audit trails, dual-authentication for drug rooms, and integration with fire alarm and emergency systems.
5. Warehouses and Distribution Centers
Control sensitive zones by role (e.g., shipping vs. HR). Integrate badge activity with video analytics to monitor access patterns.
Designing an Access Control System: Key Factors
When scoping an access control project, dealers and integrators should follow a step-by-step design process that captures hardware, software, and functional requirements. Here’s a breakdown:
1. Define the Security Goals
Clarify what the system should do. Is the goal to:
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Prevent unauthorized entry?
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Provide audit trails?
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Replace keys?
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Meet compliance standards?
The goal determines the features, scale, and investment required.
2. Assess Each Door
No two doors are alike. For every opening, capture:
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Door type and material
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Traffic patterns (public, staff, deliveries)
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Lock type (panic bar, mortise, maglock)
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Required hardware (strike, DPS, closer)
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Accessibility features (ADA compliance)
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Video coverage
Use tools like SDC’s DoorSnap app to simplify this process and ensure accurate hardware selection without job site errors.
3. Choose the Right Credential Technology
Legacy systems often use 125 kHz prox cards, but newer systems should default to 13.56 MHz smart cards, mobile credentials, or biometrics. Match the credential to the environment and security posture.
Also, consider future integrations with time clocks, vending, or network login.
4. Select Reader Types
Choose readers based on mounting location, weather exposure, credential format, and authentication needs. For example:
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Mullion readers for narrow frames
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Biometric readers for high-security doors
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Keypad readers for garage gates or unstaffed entrances
Plan for OSDP support to future-proof installations and enable encrypted reader-to-controller communication.
5. Understand Inputs and Outputs
Inputs include:
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Door contacts
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REX sensors
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Motion detectors
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Fire alarm interfaces
Outputs control:
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Locks
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Sirens
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Lights
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Camera triggers
Mapping I/O logic is essential for compliance and performance.
Installation Considerations
Access control requires precise installation planning. Key aspects include:
Cabling
Use proper cable types:
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22/6 or 18/6 for readers
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18/2 for locks
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Shielded cable for data lines
Plan cable routes around doors, not over them, and ensure power separation from high-voltage systems.
Power
Use PoE where possible for controllers and readers, but be cautious with high-draw devices like maglocks, which may exceed PoE limits. Otherwise, provide separate 12/24V power supplies with battery backup.
Compliance
Verify AHJ requirements and fire code before specifying fail-safe vs. fail-secure locks, exit devices, and door position switches. Always follow NFPA 101, IBC, and ADA guidelines.
Cloud vs On-Premise Access Control
Modern systems can be hosted in the cloud, on local servers, or as hybrid solutions. Each has pros and cons:
| Feature | Cloud | On-Prem |
|---|---|---|
| Setup | Fast, low infrastructure | Requires server/hardware |
| Remote Management | Yes | VPN or no |
| License Model | Subscription | One-time or license-based |
| Integrations | API-heavy | Legacy support |
| Cost Over Time | Higher OPEX | Higher CAPEXCloud systems are growing rapidly, but on-prem still dominates for large enterprise deployments. |
Cloud systems are growing rapidly, but on-prem still dominates for large enterprise deployments.
Integrations
Today’s access control is rarely standalone. Dealers should look for platforms that integrate:
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Video surveillance (VMS)
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Alarm systems
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Fire panels
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Time and attendance
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Visitor management
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Active Directory or HR databases
This allows for unified platforms, single credential systems, and more actionable data.
Dealer Tips to Increase Profitability
Selling access control is about more than installing doors and readers. Here’s how dealers can boost profits:
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Supply the Hardware Yourself
Don’t let locksmiths eat your margin. With tools like DoorSnap, dealers can confidently spec and order electrified hardware, strikes, and readers — keeping markup in-house. -
Use Open Architecture Platforms
Avoid vendor lock-in and keep clients flexible. Platforms that support Mercury, HID, and OSDP controllers enable better upgrades and expansion. -
Offer Ongoing Services
Sell software licenses, cloud hosting, remote management, and service plans. These create recurring revenue and deepen customer relationships. -
Invest in Training
Train your techs and sales reps to understand access control terminology, code requirements, and how to position higher-margin products like biometric readers or dual-auth systems. -
Design for Expansion
Even if a client only needs 4 doors now, spec a system that can scale to 20 or 200. Use modular hardware and cloud platforms to future-proof installations.
Closing Thoughts
Access control is the foundation of physical security — but getting it right takes more than just installing card readers. Dealers must understand door hardware, cabling, software, credentials, and life safety codes to succeed in today’s complex security landscape. Whether you’re upgrading a single entrance or designing a campus-wide system, a well-informed access control design will pay dividends in reliability, security, and scalability.
Partner with SESP for Your Access Control Installations
Southeast Security Products represents best-in-class access control manufacturers like CDVI, SDC, Pedestal Pro and AWID across the Southeast U.S., offering hands-on support, product expertise, and dealer-focused programs to help you grow your business. Whether you’re building your first door system, retrofitting an older facility, or integrating access with video and alarms, we can help you select the right solutions to power your installations. Contact us today for pricing, training, or to request a demo of our full access control lineup.
Visit sesproducts.com or reach out to learn more about how we can support your next project.
Related Content and Links
- Understanding Electronic Door Hardware Components
- Own the Door – Why Security Dealers Should Provide the Electronic Door Hardware
- Understanding Fail-Safe vs. Fail-Secure
